NOTES IN LITURGICAL YEAR
Lecture No. 1
Opening Prayer: taken from the book of Ecclesiastes which is about “time”.
Assignment: memorize the Table of Precedence
INTRODUCTION
1. Liturgical Year is the celebration of the Church annually of the mystery of Christ.
· it is not organized at the very beginning but clarified throughout the history
· a theological reflection on regards to time: the history of salvation celebrated in temporal time
2. Hence, LY is Biblical Theology and Living Theology of the Mirabilia Dei
· Mediator Dei by Pius XII and Constitution on SL
· How the plan of God is being articulated in the feasts
· Mirabilia Dei (wonderful works of God inserted in time)
TIME IN ANCIENT CULTURE
“Cosmic time rhythmic succession of nature confer Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality, 985. Historical time=sacred story handed down in myth. A cyclical repetition of the myth especially in agricultural society. The eternal return of the cosmic cycle. Problem with cyclical concept no hope because it has been closed by eternal cyclical movement, fatalistic attitude.”
1. Different Time of Time (
2. cosmic dimension of universe – succession of the bidding of nature (temporal = cosmic time)
3. it is independent of all other celebrations that we have; it is quite neural
4. Primitive society: gave it a philosophical reflection – personal, familial, and social; related. Thus, time is given a story. [Ex. Greek: driving a chariot – god]
5. The story will now form significance in religion which becomes a metahistoric (value in it).
· thus, sacred character on the day
· demonstration of the divinity of something (establishment of a myth)
· handed down through generation to generation
· myth in an agricultural society
· but it is CYCLICAL. Thus it is a eternal return (repetition); circular in nature; fatalistic attitude [Winter: god was kidnapped by Hades; Spring: the god escapes]
· it has now been ritualized – a beginning (ab initio) [Ex. To make a spring come: sacrifice – to shed blood]
BIBLICAL TIME
1. particularly interested in time but its understanding is not cyclical but linear (alpha and omega)
2. God enters into time; creating a beginning (creation) through timeless.
3. Revelation: “Amen, Come Lord Jesus!”
4. not the time that has meat (2 Sam. 7 – Oracle of Nathan – privilege one to the house of David: dynasty
5. being sacred is connected to the place/territory and time has its own sacredness
6. sanctity of time as creation of God; find in Isaiah
7. historico-existentia of reading what happens (encountering God in time is called salvific time.
8. from chronos to kairos (chronology – time og man which has beginning and end; time of God has no beginning and end)
9. kairos enters the chronos and revealed through the events of history. Thus, what is sacred is not time but the event that happened in time. It has a beginning, end and tomorrow.
10. Teilhard de Chardin: concept of liturgical and biblical time that we celebrate – “spiral time” (until we reach the end, the divinization in JC
11. What do we celebrate in the Church? Liturgical Year is all about Jesus Christ.
· that’s why even the feasts of saints are mirrors of the paschal mystery (almost all: death – birthday in heaven)
· Exemption: STA (ordination day) and James (translation-transfer of relic from
12. unique and unitive: Eph. 1:3-14 (view time in progression – prophetic in nature)
13. Numbers: raise the snake to be healed (cross) – all is saved if look – Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross [Tree of Sin ------ Tree of Savior]
14. OT is a prefigurement of the New. Thus a prophetic history.
15. intimate connection with each dimension (already and the not yet)
16. OT is the announcement while NT is the realization of looking forward to the coming of Christ (doxology: Christ has died, risen and will come again)
17. Theology of Recapitulation of this event in JC (Eph.
18. Lk. 4:17-21; Col. 1:19 – Jubilee Year
19. Mysterion – plan of God (
20.
21. Paschal Mystery: summary of death, burial [imagery get at baptism buried literally], rising ascension, Pentecost (Eucharistic Prayer 3-pilgrim Church)
· Eucharistic Prayer 1: saints
· Eucharistic Prayer 4: plan of salvation (PM of Christ is the one we celebrate)
JEWISH PASCHAL CALENDAR
- its fulfillment and completion is found on the new covenant
- 3 Things Indispensable in Understanding the Jewish Calendar
1. the Jewish calendar is not solar nor lunar; but it is luni-solar (also, Christian calendar)
· solar – provides the oracle temporal frame of reference but divided according to lunar (29 or 30 days)
· Christmas: follows a solar calendar (not move)
· Easter: follows luni-solar calendar (spring – full moon; thus movable)
2. their standard year is 12 months; 354 days and not 355 days, 5 hrs. & 49 min (how bridge the gap?). Jesus introduced the intercalary: the court decides
·
· New moon at the autumn of equinox (equal night and day – a perfect day; the day of creation)
· John Baptist: summer equinox
· JC: winter equinox
· Easter: spring equinox
· This equinox is the determining point in our calendar.
·
· Babylonian calendar: shifted the day of new moon to spring equinox (month of Nisan – Passover)
· 1st day of the 7th month: Tishri
3. all this began from sunset to sunset (thus, no anticipated mass)
SABBATH
1. Primordial Feast of Jews: shabat (end and ground of 7 day week)
· for Christians it is the beginning of the week [Dies Domini: mentioned about the destruction of the theology of Sunday - weekend]
2. Sabbath is a day of rest; openness to Yahweh and His Word, traced back at the time of exile; Sabbath is a primitive feast (7, 14, 21, 28: unlucky days – ergo, are rest days)
3. shabat: “to rest” (Exodus 20:8-11) is now connected with completeness (creation is completed)
4. socio-economic function of Sabbath: servants shall rest (6 days of work): Deuteronomy 5:15
5. Sabbath is a sign of freedom because slaves are not entitled to rest (kind to slaves – God)
6. Sabbath is a sign of covenant between God and man. Thus, the punishment is death if not followed. (JC introduced the spirit behind it.)
7. it is a holy convocation of the Lord
3 PILGRIMAGE FEASTS (MAJOR FEASTS)
- which means that the Jewish male when reached 12 has to make a pilgrimage to the
1. Passover [Nizza]
· also known as the “feast of barley”
· celebration of two ancient feasts in
· celebrated on 1st full moon on spring; sacrifices young male of the flock – protection against evil
· Matzoh: dedicating the first sheep to the divinity and eating unleavened bread for 7 days (no flour): 7th day then eat
· Thus, these are two feasts combined (unleavened: no time to cook flour coz hurry up; lamb: blood; angel of God passed over
· Image of lamb as shown in reality in the bread (Eucharist)
· Cup of blessing: cup takes after the meal
2. Feast of Weeks – Shavuot (Pentecost)
· after the feast of the unleavened bread, there is another harvest “wheat” [50th day celebrated]
· thus, it is Pentecost {Tobit 2:1}
· a thanksgiving for the harvest of the wheat: sacrifice too in the temple
· the Decalogue was given to Moses to
· it is the “feast of covenant” after 50 days of liberation
3. Succhot: Feast of the Boots (Sinchat Torah)
· it is the great harvest [“boots” – tents/hut]
· month of Tishri
· dressing of the wine grapes
· sinchat torah – great joy
· Succhot: not just a great harvest festival but also experience of living in desert and being purified by this
· Sinchat Torah: 1st book of Genesis is read (cycle of reading begins)
OTHER FEASTS
1. Ros Hashanah (New Year: 1st month of autumn)
· Numbers 29: observe it as rest day and memorial of the blast of trumpet for common convocation (refers to sacrifice of Isaac); blow ram’s horns
· remind the covenant between God and Abraham
2. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
· Leviticus 16
· Where priest enters the holy of holies
· Kill one of the goats (escape-goat: desert – sin)
3. Hanukkah
· it dates back to the time of Maccabees
· rededication of the temple (Judas Maccabeus – jar of oil with lamp and 7 stands) last 4 keys
· feast of lights (candelabrum)
· month of Chisler (Advent): “Jewish Christmas”
4. Feast of the Purim
· casting the lot
· they were not massacred
5. Teshh-Beab
· feast not found in the Bible
· Feast of Mourning (month of Ab – July or August)
· Great catastrophe that occurred on the month
· Destruction of the 1st (586) and destruction of the 2nmd (17AD) and crushing of Romans by the Jews (139AD)
· It is similar to our All Souls’ Day
How do we name our days? FERIAL DAY (wrong: “feria” – day)
All our days are named after the pagan gods
1. for the Jews New Year is not January but March (thus, conception of Christ is March 25)
2. Sunday – dies solis
3. Monday – lune (god of the moon)
4. Martei – Mars
5. Mercury – Wednesday
6. Thor – Thursday (Huwebes)
7. Veneris – Friday (Biernes)
8. Saturn (Sabado)
Lecture No. 2
1. though it is indicated in the ordo that there is no funeral mass, a priest could say the mass of the day remembering the dead
2. feasts: followed the genesis account (evening came and morning followed…)
3. The different feasts on
4. Jewish: Passover; Christians: Christ-event (already and not yet)
· this even is unrepeatable. We make it present. Hence, liturgy is a hodie (today).
·
5. 3 Phases (Christ has died, risen, and will come again.)
· anamnesis – a process of historization of biblical feast and memorial
a) the continuation of God entering in history (mirabilia Dei)
b) culminated in the past of the Lord (past becomes present)
c) not just a mere recollection of the past
d) supposed to be mirrored in our life
e) not only recounting but relieving of what had happened
· ephaphax
· parousia – eschatological perspective
6. Spiritual worship: use the bodies and be pleasing to the Lord
· it is not mere externalities
· entails change (sacrament): liturgy
7. Any feast is a promise, a covenant
· event celebrated has a prophetic event
· thus it is an already and not yet (definitive salvation)
· it is also because time s open to eternity
8. there is too JOY
· climate (Deut.
· in the Church when we have liturgy, it is always a celebration (Ex. Not mourning of the death). But, it has a penitential character of celebration.
9. How about in the burial of infants, is it allowed to say Mass?
· there is a prayer to console the parents (celebrating consolation)
· there are many kinds of celebrations because God enters into any situations of our life
LITURGICAL YEAR IS THE MYSTERY OF CHRIST
1. the mystery of Christ is made present when we celebrate
2. not only cyclical celebration but also SPIRAL (Teilhard de Chardin: Phenomenon of None)
3. SC 102: “quoddam modo presentia” (in some way made present for all times to us)
· Christ is made present to us; ergo, the sign is effective as making present of salvation as here and now.
4. Odo Cassel: what is the context of the liturgical year?
· it moves beyond history (meta-historical)
· the redeeming work of Christ out of limited time opens to eternity
· the LY follows step by step the progressive development of the mystery of Christ
· it represents (makes present); entire service ministry
· Ex. Though celebrating the death of Christ, resurrection is still present (coz in every celebration it is the whole mystery that takes place in man)
5. Schillebeecx: personal encounter with Christ (when celebrate the sacrament); thus not just celebrate the event but the PERSON; this is what we affirmed whenever we celebrate the liturgy
6. General Norms for the Liturgical Year # 1
· the Church celebrates the liturgy on the 1st day of the week
· Sunday considered as original feast day
KOREAKI EMORA (The Day of the Lord)
1. Biblical foundation: Mt. 28:1; Lk. 24:1; Jn. 20:1
2. it is a tradition that goes down to the Christian community
3. the day after the Sabbath (1st day of the week): Lk. 24:13; Jn. 20:19
4. eight (8) is a perfect number – eternity (octagon). The day of eternity is there and not there
5. Acts of the Apostles (1 Cor. 16:2): 1st day of every week each of you is to put something aside and store it up so that you may prosper [mass collection]
6. Acts 20:7-12: 1st day of the week, we were gathered to break bread
7. oreaki der non – Supper of the Lord
· Jews – sunset to sunset; Roman: midnight to midnight; Greek: dawn to dawn (time calculation)
8. assemblies take place on the day of the Lord (Rev. 1:10 & 1 Cor.
9. day of Christ’s resurrection; appearance of Christ; day for the forgiveness of sins; day of Pentecost; day where the Church assembled (Dominicus Dei)
PATRISTIC TRADITION
1. Didache 14:1 – break bread; make Eucharist; confess their sins/kiss of peace [latin]
2. Justin the Martyr (June 1)
· Apology and Dialogue with Tripod: (a) hear the memorial of apostles, (b) break bread together, and (c) hear the priest preach [ekklesia]
3. Teachings of the 12 Apostles: Didaschalia apostolorum [east-syria]
· you are members of Christ; don’t fail to assemble there (ekklesia)
· day of justification
· hear the word of salvation
· eat the food i.e. divine (Magnesians 9:1)
· gather not on Sabbath but on the day of the Lord
4. Cyprian of
5. Pseudo-Barnaba: day of new creation (celebrate the day of the Lord = new life)
6. Clement of
7. Tertullian and Origen: whole world i.e. impure and uncircumcised will now be washed away from sin (justified and circumcised by Christ)
· realization of the sanctification of our salvation
· on Saturday the manna ceased (rest day)
· manna is given on the first day – Jesus, the Bread from heaven (it begins here) [Ex. 7:5]
· Lord’s Day: day of Christ’s resurrection; original feast day; Sunday; Day of the Lord; 1st day; Day that proceeds other days; 8th day
John Paul II’s Dies Domini: “martyrs of Sunday”
- in times of persecution, they gathered on the Lord’s day
- emancipation of Christians from persecution
- he is a catechumen
1. Christianity is tolerated as a religion of the empire; not the only religion. Thus, free from persecution.
2. on the city, the day of the Lord is a holiday (province still had because of harvest)
3. Sunday became the day of rest for everybody
4. Sunday as Day of Repose (rest): spiritualization of the day that will come to the fore
5. the theology of Sabbath is now transferred to a theology of Sunday (Keep Holy…)
6. now it became an obligation/duty to attend Christian assemblies (commit sin if not attend)
7. obscured because of multiplication of calendars, Sunday became the day for the Trinity
· devotions take over the liturgy during weekdays
SACRAMENTARY
1. early Church: Eucharistic payer is a spontaneous prayer
2. there is presence of heretical prayers and so make some formula or texts: HIPPOLYTUS
3. Sacramentary contains all the prayers in the sacraments. [provides a data of communion in double-species]
4. lectionary (commes): beginning and end of the reading
5. Veronense – ancient Sacramentary (found in
· a.k.a Recinenses (Queen Christina of
6. hepthomadal – prayer leader; euchology – set of prayers in the Sacramentary
7. assigning particular prayer formula in the feasts of the Church (e.g. Ascension, Pentecost)
8. Gelasianum
· oraciones et praeces (prayers and other prayers with canon for the DOL)
· has 16 prayers + 16 = 32
· vetos offers a much better testimony of the prayers for Sunday
Memorize Table of Precedence 1 & 2.
Lecture No. 3
DOUBLE - 1st class, 2nd class, Major Doble
- most of the doubles have octaves and these octaves are classified to 1st class or 2nd class (Christmas, Easter, Pentecost)
SEMI-DOUBLE - one good example is the Sundays in Ordinary Time
SIMPLEX
FERIA
Observation: the calendar is filled up by saints (masses of the dead are many)
Pius X: removed all the saints and restore the stability of Sundays of Advent, Lent, Easter and Pentecost [1st class double]
Now: Solemnity – 2 readings, Gloria, credo
Feasts – 2 readings, Gloria, no credo
Obligatory Memorial – 2 readings, no Gloria, no credo
Optional Memorial
Ferial
1969: Advent, Lent, Easter, and Christmas are untouchables. All Sundays in Ordinary Time are considered as Solemnities. Only the Solemnity of the BVM takes precedence over this.
SC 106: “Sunday is the foundation and kernel of all liturgical year.” Other celebrations unless of greater importance cannot take precedence over this. (Ex. Annunciation vs. Good Friday)
Fathers of the Church: traditions handed down by the apostles (Christ’s resurrection; Paschal mystery celebration; 8th day; Lord’s Day; Day of Sabbath)
Sunday is the primordial feast in the Liturgical Year. Easter in the whole liturgical year. Sunday as Easter.
WOG must be opened to the faithful and so there is LECTIONARY.
(1st: thematic; 2nd: thematic i.e. based on Gospels – Ordinary Sunday has semi-continuous readings)
Pastoral Consideration
Read Raas p. 47 “motive Sundays” (a Sunday that suddenly Episcopal Conferences should have a theme – Ex. Migrant Sunday)
- Sunday not as a day of leisure
Read SC 2
Read Dies Domini
What is this Sunday rest?
- not a divine inactivity but a divine activity
- contemplative days (nuptial intensity – “orgasm”)
Leviticus: a cultic book
“to keep holy” – to remember (rest has a sacred value)
tremor – mysterium tremendum et fascinans
there is a shift from Sabbath to Sunday
- it depends on the remembrance of Christ’s saving work
- Day of Resurrection: Paschal Mystery is the full revelation of the mystery’s word origin (creation) – climax of history (judgment)
- 7th day – Dies Domini – Dies Christi
1st Baptism
- day of the epiphany of the Church (characteristic mark that sets Christian apart)
- Baptism par excellence is on Easter Vigil; baptism should take place on the day of the week
- Ideal day for Baptism is SUNDAY (but, not prohibit to baptize in other days)
- Illuminated by the TRUE SUN (JC: Christocentric vision)
- Day of Light and Day of Fire
- Sunday as weekly Easter and weekly Pentecost
- It is a Day of Faith (recite or sing the creed)
Donn Gregory Tinge’s The Shape of the Liturgy
- the ecclesia is not the cenolosis (gathering of Christians on another day), but a gathering on a Sunday
- the ekklesia is not a building but the people gathered together
- parochia – “a pilgrim place”
- homebound-sick (receive communion)
Quiz on Table of Precedence no. 2
“Without the Sunday, we do not exist!”
Lecture No. 4
EASTER: THE ORIGIN AND THE
- the triduum is different from Easter itself. The Easter is part of the triduum yet.
- “The Sunday is to the week and Easter to the whole liturgical year.”
I. Jewish Tradition
- their pattern is the Passover meal
- but this imagery is now transferred to Christ (unleavened bread & lamb = CHRIST)
II. Later Development
A. The Easter Controversy
1. The are two ways of calculating and celebrating this:
a)
- their typology is Jewish because near
- Christianizing the 14th day of the Sun (Nisan)
b) Other Churches
- celebrated on the following Sunday of the 14th day of Nisan (e.g. Roman Catholic Church)
- became a rule from the 3rd century
2. This controversy is called the quattour decimal controversy: 40 day of Nisan. Both claimed that they have the apostolic origin.
a)
b)
3. The problem of the view of the
a) 14th day of Nisan can fall on any time (1st day of the full moon of the spring)
b) but Easter or Christ rose on a Sunday
c) Positive: emphasized that passion, death and resurrection are all included
4. 325 AD: Council of
- it is not anymore ergo the same time as with the Jewish Passover
- this means ergo that in the reckoning of our time it could vary into 5 periods from March 22 – April 25. And so speak of movable feasts.
- During Feast of the Epiphany there is a solemn proclamation of the movable feasts
B. The Easter Fast
1. in order to know the origin of this celebration and how it is celebrated, there is a need to first know the tradition of EASTER FAST.
2. there are two common understanding of what is to fast:
a) common: in order to repent from our sins (penance)
b) another: ascetical or preparatory fasting (it is to fast in order to prepare for a feast in 1 or 2 days followed by a nocturnal assembly of prayer and closing with a Eucharist)
- Tertullian: a Christian marrying a nonbeliever is discouraged
- “Will his husband allow her to go out in the night for the Easter Vigil?”
3. Apostolic Tradition by Hippolytus of Rome: “no one is to take anything before Easter…anyone acting differently will not be considered as fasting.”
4. Thus, Easter consists of both FAST and FEAST (the passage of Christ as head and body from death to life, from tears to joy)
5. During Easter: a) fasting b) assembly of the believer c) readings from OT
d) celebration of Eucharist (fraternal agape in the joy of the risen Christ)
C. The Easter Liturgy Before Nicea
1. it was amplified as it was celebrated from the very beginning
2. celebration of baptism takes place in the Easter vigil (it even happened before the council)
3. but, there is no liturgy of the word because there is baptism
D. The Easter Baptism
1. Description of the Celebration of Baptism
a) the candidates for baptism are to be enrolled and inquired (interview): “pander – bugaw” ka ba?
b) Instructed for 3 years and then imposed their hands for exorcism (everyday: to drive away the evil spirit – didaschalon)
c) Bishops will feel – 3 yrs. imposed the hand
d) Anointing of the whole body: it is handed down by tradition by the apostles: NO! This is a pagan practice. (gladiator – water is evil)
e) Receive white garment and wear for 8 days (2nd Sunday of Easter: dominicus in garbis)
f) Mystagogical catechesis during Easter period for 8 days
g) Bring to the bishop imposed hand and anoint again
h) 1st time to attend the Eucharist and offers and receives the Kiss of Peace (lac et viel: milk and honey)
i) receive instructions after baptism for 8 days (whole day)
2. Ergo, the liturgy is that of baptism in the early Church (neophytes sharing the Eucharistic banquet of easter including children and infants)
E. The
- Egeria (igeria) is a nun who came from
- describes the liturgia in locus (liturgy where it takes place)
- Holy Sepulchre: Church of anastasis (
- what transpired here is the liturgy of lucernarium
- liturgy begins with the lighting of the lamp (like the family) and then vigil prayers and then procession [Read Raas]
F. The Roman Easter Vigil
- Celebration of Baptism
- baptism starts on the West and starts by asking the threefold questions: I do.
- neophyte spits (spit on the face of Satan) then turn East – from darkness to light
- The lighting of Easter candle
- The Exsultet
- The Blessing of the New Fire and procession with the Easter candle
PASCHAL TRIDUUM (Easter Triduum)
1. consists of 52 weeks in one year
2. starts on the entrance to
- eschatological week: return on that same week; Lent and Easter
- he slept at
- entrance to
3. Pagbilang sa Pasko ng Pagkabuhay: spring equinox (tagsibol) and full moon. Thus, we have a luni-solar calendar coz based on the sun and phases of the moon
4. 3 Elements in Paschal Triduum
a) spring from March to April = birth and new life
b) equinox (equal day, equal night = March 21) = means creation
c) full moon = fullness of life and everlasting light
5. When Christ rose from the death there’s no darkness because it is full moon.
6. Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday = triduo??? [sunset to sunset]
7. One distinct characteristic not found to any liturgy: OPEN-ENDED LITURGY (one celebration that moves from here to there; moving celebration one place to another)
8. historical & sacramental establishment of Eucharist =
9. In
- Gelasian: old deacon
- 7th century: AM and PM (presbyter’s masses)/
- reconciliation of sinners in AM; at
- NOW: move to midmorning (mass for chrism)/combine eucharist and priest at sunset then add the washing of the feet (papal household: only a devotional part before sharing of supper then)
- 15th century: transferring of sacred species and removal of altar cloth (removal of the tunic of Christ)
- then, next day no communion coz there is fasting
- now: Good Friday is the Mass of the Presanctified
- Early Church: tabernacle in the sacristy. It is simple but because of Protestant reformation it became too elaborated (allegory: burial of Christ – tabernacle as sepulcher/altar of reposed: repository)
10. Pius V: prohibited celebration of mass after
11. 1955: Washing of the Feet and Mass in the PM [Read from Raas the long history]
12. Mass of the Supper of the Lord
- liturgy in evening (dapithapon)
- where Jesus instituted the sacrament of Holy Orders and Eucharist
- Washing of the Feet – call to serve and love as Jesus had done (rubrix – viri)
- Rite begins with so called Mass of the Lord’s Supper and ends with the vigil
- In John, he has no last supper only Washing of the Feet
- MIMESIS (mimic): mimenic liturgy – what Jesus had done [it has Gloria: farewell to the bells – it is fasting] [Read Raas]
- Suggested to be given in double-species
13. Pastoral Considerations (check list)
a) include in the procession the towel and basin and pitcher
b) last bell is on Gloria and clapper after
c) use the people in decorating the altar of reposed (offer flower in a procession/offer candles)
d) transfer pitcher to the altar of reposed and then put a biblical verse
- 7 churches are enough for bisita iglesia. [shift from the Eucharist to the cross: Good Friday – specifies short homily because the rite itself is a homily )
- Everybody has to bring an offering for the poor on Holy Thursday (ubi caritas et amor).
Lecture No. 5
6th day of the week of the Passion of Christ – GOOD FRIDAY
- it is good because it indicates something good for mankind and also because God is good (Rass p. 131 vol. 2)
- it began at
- liturgy is presided by a bishop (venerate the cross)
- touch with foreheads (bow + eyes): it goes until
- from
- at
- there is no communion because it is strict fasting
4 Characteristics according to Egeria
1. liturgy in locus
2. liturgy full of mimesis
3. moving liturgy
4. mostly liturgy of the word
RITE IN
- Pope carrying a thurible (Eastern rite)
- Reading of the passion of Christ
- Done in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in
- Mass of the Presanctified (host consecrated on Holy Thursday)
- Opening; LOW; Veneration of the Cross; Communion Service
- the hours when died on the cross (
- ambiance is BARE – NO! candle, decoration, mantle; cross is covered
- why nothing? A sign of prostration [no sign of the cross, no extension of hand: it is because anything that you do adds insult or injury]
- nothing must be left but silence (proskinesis: prostrate)
- Red: commemorate the first martyr – CHRIST [for Xt: Holy Innocents/Xtian: Stephen)
- Liturgy of the word on Good Friday is called GREAT because it is very long [song of suffering servant and passion of Christ]
- Short homily because the whole rite is itself the homily
- Origin of our prayer of the faithful (Easter in origin - verbuous)
- Veneration (unveiling or processing/both)
- It should be a cross and not a crucifix because during that time the body has been taken down by
- Should be made of wood: cross
- It is covered by red and not violet.
- No lamb of God – Our Father and then Communion – no sign of peace – prayer preceded by silence
Pastoral Consideration
1. check list
2. no candle in the sanctuary
3. cross accompanied by candle (light emanates from the cross and not from the Blessed sacrament)
4. pabasa – not eat “lansak”/eating
2 Kinds of Pasyon
1. Pasyong Henesis Pilapil (Fr. Mariano Pilapil / Ed. by Amador Nircho Cruz
2. Pasyon of Gaspar de Aquino de Belen
What could be the content of the homily? pp. 152 – 157
HOLY SATURDAY
- Christ was buried, rested – brief history of Holy Saturday
- supposed to be a quiet day marked by paschal fast and no liturgy
- traditio et reditio symboli
- final gong of ears and mouth
- final anointing
- service (liturgy of the word) at
- theology: “Christ descending to the dead…”
Lecture No. 6
1st part: Paschal Vigil
2nd part: Engkwentro/Salubong
3rd part: 1st Sunday of Easter – AM Mass
4th part” 1st Sunday of Easter – PM Mass
Paschal Vigil
1. it is the mother of all vigils
2. vigil means to “keep watch” and its development is twofold:
a)
b) Roman Liturgy – complete picture [Hippolytus of Rome: Apostolic Tradition]
3. starts at
- face the West and renounce Satan and begins at cockcrow
- all PM is spent in prayer
4. water should preferably be flowing – naked (deacon poured water) – children, men and women
5. OIL: exorcism and thanksgiving
6. Tertullian: water as place of chaos and devil
7. bishops’ lay of hands = confirmation
8. Kiss of Peace then prayer of the faithful
9. children: if can’t answer their parents will answer for them
10. houses have implubium (fountain inside: rich Roman houses)
11. the celebration ends with a Eucharistic assembly (remove all guides over by
12. Franco-Germanic addition: blessing of fire / lighting of Paschal candle
- light the celebration because it is dark
- Good Friday: procession going out/Easter Vigil: procession from the back
- the candle symbolizes the pillar of fire that led the people at night towards the Promised Land
- the drama was highlighted by the song itself (from low tune to higher tune)
- before the Exsultet incensed the paschal candle and Gospel book (visual aid: manuscript)
- hymn is beautifully divided by Raas into parts (see Raas). In Tagalog, it meant to be accompanied by liturgical dance.
- Reasons why there is a need to rejoice? (Raas p. 196)
Paradox of Redemption (“O Antiphon!”) see Raas at p. 197.
(quasi commentary reading at the Talmud)
What we celebrate and returned to in Easter?
1. hovered on darkness and out of darkness created LIGHT: night of creation of light
2. called Abraham to be the father of nations (yet sacrifice Isaac) – covenant of Abraham. Thus, it is the night of covenant
3. night of Passover (firstborn of
4. awake, pray an petition for the night of nights will come but not yet. It is the night when the Messiah will come.
- Christ has risen at night when all are asleep.
- Baptism become new created being; sons and daughters of God; persons from death to life
- Baptism’s introductory should begin before the Mass
- Blessing of water wherein candle was inserted is optional
- Renewal of baptismal vows (sprinkling of water)
- Dismissal with alleluia
Pastoral Suggestion
Luke 24 (evening of the same day)
Piptimae Paschalis: sequence of Easter (Decalogue between Mary and angel)
Sudarium – one of the best proof of the resurrection
- bakit nakatiklop? (similar to waking up from bed in the morning)
- if the body is stolen what would be the cover of the dead body
HOLY WEEK
- is not a season but only given to the week
- begins on Palm Sunday and ends on Easter Sunday
- composed of 2 seasons: Lent and Easter (Paschal Triduum)
Lent
- begins on Ash Wednesday to morning of Holy Thursday or Mass of Vespers
- processed from
- a celebration of the Litrugy of the Word
- mentions children (mimesis: palms) “Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord.”
- Use olive branches
- Will end at Anastasis
- Lucernarium (PM – Vespers)
- Eucharist is absent (only entrance of the Lord in
- Horse: an animal of war vs. Donkey: an animal of peace and humility
- Palm Sunday: “Gloria Laus”
Western Tradition
- roman liturgy is subdued; it has 4 characteristics: short, practical, sober and simple
- there is no procession and no entrance just read the Passion of the Lord
7th-8th century
- Die
- procession introduced a subdued one (begins at Papal residence to Lutheran palace)
- bless the palms and distribute it
- people not the Pope go to Lutheran Basilica
- close door then open door through “knock”
- “Ingrediente Domino” – “Let the Lord enter, open the gates!”
-
- Combination of
- Difficulty:
- Commemoration in gratio in Jerusalem vs. commemoration passionis Domine
- In the latter Eucharits; in the former beginning rite
- Wrong: “the people who shouted ‘alleluia’ are those who shouted ‘crucify him!’”
- Purpose: to satisfy all liturgical tradition
- 3 entrances: select what fits you?
a) begin in another place then procession
b) begin outside the Church then procession
c) simple entrance inside the Church
- introductory rite is taken by the procession (reading of Passion – A, B, and C)
Pastoral Implications
- be aware of what is happening
- Gospel read on Passion of the Lord depends on who the evangelist is
- bear this in mind in your homily
- Ex. Luke – entrance to suffering and glory
Mark – silent Christ in humility; humane
Matthew – fulfillment in prophecy
- explain to the people the symbol of the palm
- presence of children
- posas (processed-stage)
- song: Cueri Jerusalem (children of
- not poisonous flowers
- “latag” – people put their clothes/veils while the priest is passing
- problem: blessing of the palm is the introductory rite of the Eucharist
- passion read in dialoguing form
- be sure the characters are male if they are
- interruption with acclamation (not background music: Where you there? – negro-spiritual)
- allowed by the liturgy to omit 2 readings but not the Passion of the Lord (read only this): explain it to the people if it is fone [Is.54[57/Phil. 6:4-11/Ps. 21]
HOLY MONDAY
- no gathering on this day because the priest is tired on Sunday
- for Magdalene [Jn. 12:1-11]
HOLY TUESDAY
- passion week
- for Peter [Jn.
HOLY WEDNESDAY
- liturgy of the word: reading of the passion
- for Judas [Mt. 26:25]
- celebration of telebrae (darkness)
- celebration of lucernarium, i.e. lamentation (reading: lamentation of the prophet)
- gradual diminishing of light in the Church [after each lamentation one candle is put off]
- betrayal of Judas: extinguished [darkness descended because the light is arrested]
- Pm of Holy Wednesday – SPY WEDNESDAY
MORNING OF HOLY THURSDAY
-
- AM: penitents [disappear: nor more order of penitents]
- Am: oil
- PM: presbyteral mass (Lord’s supper)
- Before, the blessing of oil is extra missam
- The clergy is to gather around the bishop: renewal of the promises of priests during chrism mass.
- NOW, AM – feast of the priests
- transfer the mass of chrism on any day if difficult to gather
- the blessing of the oil takes its form from Hippolytus of Rome, i.e. within the Eucharistic prayer – before Through him…blessing of other gifts and oil of the sick
- blessing for the chrism is after the post-communion
- renewal of the promises of clergy to bishop as a sign of unity
- when JC established Eucharist also Holy Orders
- plant oil only not animal fat (olive oil not vegetable + balsam/oil-based perfume)
EASTER CYCLE
- a 50 day celebration
- all days of this 50 to be celebrated with great joy (Tertullian)
- St. Irenaeus: feast day with the same importance as Sunday
- Whereas Jewish Pentecost is 50th day after Passover; Christian Pentecost period of 50 dyas have same value each day and function [mystery celebrated in all its aspects and implications]
- Pentecost: singular (equal value so there are privileges = Sunday)
- during this 50 days people don’t kneel just standing
- fasting was prohibited even on Friday – Tertullian (De Baptismo): the most illicitous day for celebrating baptism
- the great Sunday constituted 50 days = 8 Sundays [marks a high celebration in the Church]
- ergo, an octave of Sunday is called a week of weeks (8th)
- reminds us of the resurrection of the Lord
- indivisible unity in celebration
- but, fragmentation – Ascension = Pentecost (no 40th day)
EARLY CHURCH
-
- pastors of newly baptized give baptismal mystagogical catechesis
- knows the 2nd part of Eucharist after baptism
- given catechesis for 8 days
Augustine of Hippo
- sermon meant for babies (infants) – parents are there to understand]
- it is holiday: Easter holiday after Easter there is one week of no work (8 days) [Cyril, Augustine, Ambrose: mystagogical catechesis]
- it runs for half-day (no other entertainment except the Church)
- do not confuse with Jewish Pentecost because us is celebration of the whole 50 days
- “We all celebrate the day of Pentecost.” Ascension was celebrated separately from Pentecost
- ergo, Armenians; Gregory the Great (try to mimic the day as said in the Acts of Apostles which is 40th day – Thursday: holy day of obligation/public holiday in
- penetcost would have a vigil
- paschal candle: extinguished it on Ascension Thursday
- it is now Sunday after Easter (ergo, it is not Easter because “after”)
Reform of
- standing on the liturgy (litany of saints)
- water blessed on Easter vigil used in 50 days without blessing of the water
- candle is not extinguished an Armenian Sunday but on the compline on the Pentecost
- not Sundays after Easter, but 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Sundays of Easter
- the Gospel is now taken from earliest tradition that of John except for two Sundays – the Gospel of Luke: except (Emmaus)
- all the Gospels are about the appearance of the risen Christ
- after the 8th day: account of Thomas
What are the readings?
- traditionally from the Acts of the Apostles; Gospel is from John
- 3rd Sunday (A & B): non-Johannine reading
- 2nd readings: baptismal catechesis [A – 1 Peter; B – 1 John; C – Apocalypse/Revelation]
a) faith in Jesus
b) salvation through his blood JOHN
c) law of love
- death and resurrection of JC – Peter
- heavenly
PREFACES
- call to us the mystery of the resurrection
- ascension would be on a Thursday or a Sunday before Pentecost (CBCP)
Pentecost
- Pentecost Sunday has 2 masses: a) vigil (Sat. PM) and b) day itself
- Offer a choice of four OT readings:
a)
b) Promulgation of the Law
c) Spirit causing dead to rise
d) Prophecy of Joel
- Sunday reading includes the descent of the HS in the Acts of the Apostles
- this takes precedence over other solemnities in the Church (considered as 1 day)
- certain peculiarity in the day (1 day = 28 hours; 50 days = 1 day; 3 days = 4 days)
- celebration of Christ and Father sending the HS (not the feast of the HS)
- all celebrations are celebration of Christ – PM of Christ
- all prayers address to the Father except in the Feast of Corpus Christi
- sacrament of confirmation at the Cathedral of the diocese
LENTEN SEASON
- it has 2 traditions: oldest strata (baptism) and the other is penance (Fr. Adrian Noscent p. 61: Structure of Lemt)
- the 1st preparation is what you get in apostolic tradition – Didache (fasting on Friday and Saturday before Easter vigil): strict fasting
- then after 2 days fasting; 1 week preparation
a) Alexandrian: by vigils (East)
b) Reading of the Passion of Christ (
- This preparation will be amplified:
I. preparation for baptism (Hippolytus)
II. later 3 weeks of preparation for the reading of the Gospel of John
III. 6 weeks of preparatory reconciliation of penitents (Peter of Alexandria) [2 Cor. 6:1-10 = This is the time to be reconciled]
- Thursday: no celebration because DAY OFF
- 1st Sunday: enrolment; 3rd to 5th is scrutinizes (instructions and exorcisms)
- order of penitents: 40 days of fasting
- 1st Sunday of Lent: Morning of Holy Thursday wear sackcloth
- expulsion from the Church
- sprinkled ashes
- 40 days outside the Church (embrace feet) [loob: only kneeling down]
- the readings for these masses are all connected with baptismal liturgy
- 2nd Sunday: no Sunday mass in Am (vacant)
- ember days (day of fasting for one week) – Saturday
- vigil on Saturday until dawn
Gelasian Sacramentary
- caput quadragessima (head of 40 days = Wednesday)
- Sunday is not fasting and so begin on Wednesday
- imposing ashes to all Christians and not only to sinners
- both of them originated in
- from a non-Eucharistic day to Eucharistic day (stational masses)
- Septuagessima: 7 weeks; Quianquagessima: 8 weeks [50 days of Easter = Lent]
Reditio et Traditio
- another tradition of lent: “hand back and hand over”
- the need to dramatize the scrutiny
- catechetical rendering of the articles of faith
- one of the reditio is a) creed, b) pater noster, c) Decalogue and d) Gospels [arranged to those who will be baptized]
- Thursday readings of Lenten season: formerly no mass (time to rest to give alms to the poor – Pope)
- the rest of readings = baptism
Where do we find the readings for the Sundays?
- connected with the scrutinizes
- 2nd Sunday: out of place (no mass then)
- put Transfiguration (but celebrated on August 6)
- go back to Hippolytus (i.e. enrolment & scrutiny) and Gelasian Sacramentary (Decalogue)
- Cycle A – renunciation of Satan
- Enrolment – temptation
- 2nd – transfiguration
- 3rd Sunday: Samaritan Woman
a) about the water/man born blind/man with Lazarus
b) white garment
c) if there are catechumens reading is still Year A (upon the option of the parish priest)
- Cycle B
- restoration of paradise (Moses)
- reconstruction of covenant
- it speaks of penitents
- Cycle C
- turn away from your sins
- speaks of conversion [call to be faithful to the Decalogue and teachings of the prophets
- topic: Lent
ASH WEDNESDAY
- tradition in the Lord dictates that Sunday is not fasting so it is not count as fasting day and so add four days which starts on Wednesday
- this is the Caput Quadragessima
- what is the meaning of the ashes? (Raas, vol.2 p. 26ff.)
a) transiency – burn was vanished/short and passing human life ergo repent!
b) Purity: they are pure elements/cleaning of teeth
c) 1st sin of Adam and Eve: we are sinners – return to dust
- you fast so that you save and then gave it to the poor (widows, orphans and priests)
[this is the social character of lent and fasting
Lecture No. 8
Lenten Season
- a day of prayer (
- the whole 40 days were fasting days
- Ex. Mass of the Pope during Lent (stational masses: Statio at Sta. Sabina – says mass neither Lutheran nor St. Peter)
- Everybody offers things – all sorts of things
- Hippolytus of Rome provides a blessing
- Excess offerings are given to the poor
- Fasting: 18 yrs. old – 60 yrs. old
- Abstinence: 14 yrs. old – 60 yrs. old
- Why do we fast? [Reasons]
a) If you learn to control your desire then you can control your urge to sin.
b) Because the Bridegroo is away as JC has told us in the Gospels
c) This is different from the fasting before Easter (festive fasting) but this is ascetical fasting – sharing in the suffering of Christ and expiation from one’s sins
- modern age: age of hedonism/fast to become thin [look at the billboards: naked & food]
- the importance of experiencing the lack or privation of other people
d) there are different kinds of fasting
- fasting of the ears (no bells), eyes (images of the saints are covered) and mouth (no Gloria and no alleluia)
- good works (bring offering during Thursday and on Friday for the poor Church in
- it begins on Wednesday because the four Sundays are not included on counting
- Excellent enumeration of the no. 40 in Lent (Raas vol. 2 pp. 19-23)
-
- Year B – reconstruction of covenant (of
- RCIA: use the readings for program of Christian initiation for adults; if masses for children one is allowed to adapt it
Second Day of the Paschal Triduum: Good Friday Evening to Holy Saturday Evening
1. General description of Holy Saturday
a. Spirit of Holy Saturday
- silence and holding watch at the tomb of Jesus, and
- commemorating the descent to the dead
b. “On Holy Saturday the Church is as it were at the Lord’s tomb, meditating on his passion and death, and on his descent into hell, and awaiting his resurrection with prayer and fasting.”
c. it is a day on which we are expected to meditate about Jesus’ lying in the tomb and the impact it has on the burial of every follower of Christ
d. it is also the day on which we reflect and become more aware of the universality of the redemption.
e. “great silence and stillness”
2. Brief History
a. special character – a quiet day, marked by the paschal fast, and had no liturgy of its own
b. Church of Rome
- special attention was given to the catechumens who had come to the end of their final intensive preparations before baptism and who were preparing to be reborn during the night to come.
- they recite the Creed which they had learned by heart
- final exorcism
- renunciation of Satan
- “ephpheta” or the rite of opening ears and mouth
- anointing
c.
- regular services at 9am and noon
- no service at 3pm for preparation is being made for the Easter Vigil in the major Church
d. throughout the middle ages, the solemn celebration of the Easter Vigil (by its nature a night celebration) was moved progressively towards the afternoon of Holy Saturday
- 3pm (missal of Pope Pius V) and later on it was moved to the morning
- result:1. the whole symbolism of light (Christ) overcoming darkness (sin, death) was destroyed
2. the symbolic meaning of the Easter candle was minimized by the fact that the church building was filled with bright sunshine when the Easter light was carried in
3. Easter proclamation (“this is the night”) did not make much sense when it was sung on Holy Saturday morning
e. with the reform that Easter vigil be celebrated again in the night
- the Holy Saturday was liberated from the anticipated Easter Vigil and restored to its original meaning to be a quiet meditation day and a day of keeping watch at the tomb of Jesus
- this day became a spiritual preparation for the great Easter night to come, truly a “Sabado de Gloria”
3. Spirit and Message of Holy Saturday – two mysteries are commemorated on this day: the rest of Jesus in the tomb and his descent to the dead
a. the rest of Jesus in the tomb
- in the tomb he rested from his work and from his sufferings; however, the tomb could not contain him but on the third day he left it and rose as victor over death
- the tomb is not our final destination but just a resting place from which we will rise one day as Christ did
- Christians coined the burial place and called it “cemetery” which means a place to rest and sleep (from the Greek word koimao, koimasthai = sleep, rest)
- just like Christ rested in the tomb, Christian will have a temporary resting place, waiting for the day of his resurrection.
- middle ages – cemeteries became places where people liked to go to visit their “sleeping” relatives and friends and converse with them
- this is the reason why the Christian burial places were erected around the parish church (churchyard) so that the faithful could easily visit the tombs
- the faith that death and burial is only a passageway to real and unending life was very strong in the early centuries of Christianity. It made the Christians fearless in times of persecution and very willing, even happy, to face death
- but now, fear of death and fright of cemeteries especially at night, is very widespread because of lack of Christian attitude towards death
- the Christian life is affected by the burial of Christ also in another way. Our radical conversion as a dying with Christ to our old self, to be buried, and to come to new life. “we were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of Life.”
b. the descent of Jesus to the dead
- “hell” does not mean the situation of those who are condemned and excluded from the vision and union with God but it means the abode of the dead
- Jesus went to the nether world to free the just who had gone before him and to bring the good news of his completed work of salvation
- Christ’s redemptive work is universal and it embraces peoples of all times and all places, even from the beginning of humankind
- the thought of Jesus’ descent to the abode of the dead is not familiar to us in spite of the richness of this mystery, namely Christ as the center of all the times
4. Pastoral observations and suggestions
a. instruction of the faithful
- if the spirit of this day were known to the people and permeate their way of thinking, much in the attitude towards death and burial would be changed
b. Holy Saturday – the original feastday of Mary?
- the tradition to dedicate Saturday to Mary has its origin about 800, at the time of Charlemagne
- perhaps, it was Alcuin (735-804), the British Deacon and liturgist at the imperial court, who by his influence brought about such practice.
- why exactly Saturday was chosen, is not known. Is it because of its closeness to Sunday that preceding the Lord’s day should be a commemoration day of the one who brought forth the Lord?
- Or is it because “on the first Holy Saturday all seemed lost, that the disciples are
scattered, their hopes scattered, and only Mary kept faith and waited for the resurrection of her son, that is why on Saturdays throughout the year the Church commemorates the Virgin Mary?
- whatsoever the reason for the choice of Saturday as Marian commemoration day might be, it is a good thought to reflect on this day about the extraordinary role of Mary in bringing the scattered disciples together and in keeping them faithful to her Son
c. activities recommended on this day
- it is the nature of Holy Saturday to be a day of quiet meditation at the tomb of Jesus and a prayerful waiting for the day of the resurrection
- thus, there should not be many activities going on during this day
- what should be done is to motivate the people and to give some incentives and helps to reflect about the spirit of this day
- some suggestions:
1. celebrate parts of the Divine Office with the participation of the people
2. to have some celebration of the Word of God
3. an act of devotion which suits the mystery celebrated on this day
4. a devotion centered on an image or picture of the mystery celebrated – an image of Christ crucified or lying in the tomb, or an image of the descent into hell, or an image of the sorrowful Mother
- the supreme guiding principle must be not to fill up this day with all kinds of activities but to observe it as a quiet and meditative day which prepares for the celebration of the great Easter night
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