Pastoral Psychology (SCS Reviewer - from R. Geraldino

Outline of:

ALFRED ADLER

The Assumptions and Basic Ideas of Adlerian Therapy

1. Adlerian therapy takes a holistic, socioteleological approach and is based on Adler’s individual psychology.

2. Individual Psychology states that people are unaware of their goals of the logic that powers their progress towards these goals.

3. The term individual meant that a person is indivisible and cannot be divided into independent mental parts.

4. Human beings are socially embedded. Thus their actions are comprehensible and take meaning through relation to others.

5. Teleological means that humans are goal-driven, that there is a purpose behind all behavior.

6. These goals are either long-term or short-term and they are of a social nature that reveal one’s total personality. Moreover, people are unaware of these goals and their private logic.

Private Logic

1. Private Logic are ideas and beliefs upon which individuals operate, which is formed in childhood. And this is gained through biased apperception.

· this is not the same as common sense because CS is understood and shred by everyone

· private logic can only belong to one person and it characterizes that person’s subjective perceptions of his or her experiences (lifestyle).

2. Apperception is a process of understanding whereby the newly observed qualities of something are related to past experience.

Lifestyle

1. Lifestyle is a guide or fixed pattern which is one’s self-concept or concept of life that depends on how one responds to one’s own qualities and environment.

2. It is developed at 5 and is derived from children’s unique and creative perceptions of the situations that arise within the family. (the choice of direction)

Inferiority, Superiority, Belonging and Life’s Meaning

1. Inferior position: babies are naked, helpless, in the power of others, physical well-being etc.

2. Striving to achieve superiority benefits everyone if it takes place in the context of social interest.

· positive side: achievement of their potential = equality = play useful part in the society

· negative side: potential and confidence is limited = hampering contribution to the society

3. Behavior is determined by the meaning we give life to events.

4. Self-fulfilling Prophecy means that what one believes, i.e. his perceptions, are true thus it comes to be.

Mental Health and Social Interest

1. Mental health is measured by the amount of social interest a person has. It is how one is confident of one’s place in a group or a community and contribute to the group’s tasks to which they belong.

2. Courage is one characteristic of a mentally health person which means activity plus social interest.

3. People included with social interest:

· treat others as social equals

· feel equal to other people

· move on a horizontal plane toward others (embracing)

· are task-oriented (geared toward accomplishments or missions)

· behave according to common sense

· behave according to the demands of the situation

· identify with all human beings because of their feeling of belonging

Life-Tasks

1. There are 3 major life-tasks: (a) work or occupation, (b) friendship and (c) love.

2. Dreikurs added two more: (a) getting on with oneself and (b) relating to the cosmos

3. Forming and maintaining an intimate relationship is seen as the greatest test of someone’s social interest and desire to cooperate. (not from a vertical plane)

Neurosis, Psychosis and Psychopathy

1. Unrealistic, unattainable goal of personal superiority is set, excuses are needed to explainfailure: neurosis. (Ex. desire to be the best in class - headache) [self-delusion because one feels inferior]

· cure: individuals need to develop their sense of interest and equality

· result: private logic will be replaced by common sense: self-esteem, prestige & personal security

2. Psychotic escape from the logic of social living into a world of hallucinations and delusions that fit their private logic.

3. Both neurotics and psychotics are motivated only by self-interest.

4. Psychopaths openly reject common sense. They are too only motivated by self-interest and they have no conscience.

5. Symptoms develop that permit them to explain away their failure with these tasks and so save face:

· in not fulfilling a task

· in retreating from a task

· in choosing what is known as “safeguarding behavior” (exclusion of others)

6. The underlying problem of these three is inferiority which can be caused by:

· being made to feel inferior during childhood

· being spoilt or pampered

· being discouraged as a result of neglect

· being criticized and therefore afraid to take risks and make mistakes

Parenting

1. Spoiling is giving in to the demands of a child, while pampering is doing things for a child that he or she could do for him- or herself. (Manford Sonstegard): for Adler, they are synonymous.

2. Sonstegard: “pampering is the most disabling form of parenting.” Through this parental overprotection, one has retarded a child’s personal growth. (the child expects to be served by others)

3. The foundations of children’s lifestyle are laid according to their perception of their position in the family (atmosphere and values of the family; birth order).

The Consequences in Adult Life

1. If people’s lifestyle is in harmony with their environment no distressing symptoms or disturbing behavior emerge.

2. The maintenance of unrealistic and mistaken life, goals by private logic leads to a “yes-but” personality. This means that while individuals recognize their social obligations (yes) they continue with their useless behavior because of their private logic (but).

How changes can occur

1. People’s perception can change if they have an encouraging experience.

· When people change their behavior they need to gain some insight into the ideas that had caused their problem.

2. Changes in behavior can be prompted by encouragement from another person or by a change in circumstances.

ADLERIAN THERAPY

The goals of Adlerian Therapy (containing the phases)

1. establishing and maintaining a relationship with the client

2. discovering the dynamics of the client

3. giving insight

4. facilitating reorientation

Þ therapy involves reeducating clients to eliminate incorrect and social values, and to reorientate their motivation.

Criteria for Choosing the Style of Therapy

1. Although the client’s choice of therapy will be limited by what is available, individual choice is respected.

2. Adlerian therapy holds that if one child is to chnage there needs to be chnaged in the family as a whole.

3. Several Advantages of Adlerian Therapy:

· the client benefits from the approach of more than one therapist

· it provides an ideal training opportunity

· discussions and disagreements between the therapists can be educational & encouraging for the client

clients are treated as equals when explaining their private logic

Necessary Qualities in Adlerian Therapists

1. have a feeling of equality with all other people

2. respect clients without conditioning all their behaviors

3. be able to establish client-counsellor relationship of mutual respect involving honest feedback to the clients and acceptable behavior by the clients.

4. Be warm arid accepting of clients, sincerely seeking to understand their lifestyle without being judgmental.

5. Be able to act as a social model, but one who is fallible and not afraid to make mistakes.

6. Be able to promote social values that help human beings to help together as equals.

7. Be able to win people over.

Þ the therapist should aim to develop a democratic relationship that is free of domination, manipulation or conflict with the client.

Therapeutic Style

1. both sit facing each other in chairs of equal height to achieve trust and acceptance

2. therapist gathers aby about the client’s lifestyle

· exploratory stage is conducted as a partnership, with the therapist offering interpretations as the client’s story unfolds and thus establishing empathy.

· The exchange is tailored to the client’s particular needs.

3. Aim: to reveal the private logic underlying the client’s liferstyle.

4. Cooperative Approach involves task setting and the completion of asignments.

The Twelve Stages of Adlerian Therapy

1. The empathy relationship stage

· this stage is aimed at helping the clients to become more cooperative people by learning to cooperate in therapy

· therapists need to “stand in the shoes” of their clients in psychological terms in order to comprehend their uniqueness

· therapists seek to gain the respect of their clients

2. The information stage

· during this stage therapists gather information on the presenting problems and their history

· here psychological, intelligence and interest testing may also be conducted

· any parallel between childhood and present patterns are examined; early memories and dreams are analyzed

· the therapists then develop hypothese about inferiority feelings, lifestyle, private logic and goals

3. The clarification stage

· basic beliefs are explored using Socratic questioning and then the consequences of the client’s beliefs are examined and alternatives explored

· the aim is to replace private logic and mistaken notions with common sense

· private logic loses its strength once it has been verbalized and challenges are made to unrealistic ideas, overgeneralizations and oversimplifications

· Dreams provide clues and they are the “factory of the emotions” - they set the mood that instigate people’s actions.

· Remembered Dreams reflect the client’s lifestyle; they never contradict it.

4. The encouragement stage

· make the clients realized that the disasters they fear are not inevitable if new behaviors are embraced.

· show the clients that some sense of inferiorirty can be beneficial in that it can spur improvements

· therapists aim to help their clients to expnad the scope an degree of the activity they are willing to undertake (one consequence of trying to avoid failure is a decrease in activity).

5. The interpretation and recognition stage

· therapists have to be aware of what their clients have done and are currently doing to fulfill the life tasks then describe to them such movements reflectively to identify immediate goals and the final goal

· the aim here is to stop the hbait of dividing impressions into rigid “eitehr-or” categories.

· Final Goal mirrors client’s expectations of the roles they believe others should play.

· The aim is to replace demands on others with self-demands aimed at personal development, thus preparing them to face new situations and the people in them.

· The next step is to help the clients comprehend the driving forces behind their sense of inferiority, their lifestyle and their final goal. (This process requires: sensitivity, diplomacy and good timing.)

· Spitting in a Soup is the term used by Adler to describe the strategy of making a final goal “taste bad.”

6. The knowing stage

· here the clients themselves take on the role of interpretation and discuss their insights with the therapist

· danger: client may decide to end tehir therapy since they think they can handle it

7. The missing experience stage

· therapists should aim either to bring about an emotional breakthrough or to promote change through cognitive interpretation by using (a) guided imagery, (b) role play & (c) eidetic imagery exercises.

8. The doing differently stage

· feeling of trepidation about taking steps in a new direction and so the therapist encourage them to advance gradually in the direction of social usefulness

· the aim is to change their approach to the three life tasks.

9. The reinforcement stage

· therapists help their clients to abandon the egocentric actions that have provided them with the illusion of self-enhancement and protection.

· clients begin to tackle difficulties that have previously been avoided

· therapists also provide emotional coaching for the clients to experience postive feelings to replace egocentricity

10. The community feeling stage

· as the relationship developed, the clients have acceptd and appreciated the sincere care and encouragement being offered

· this has boosted their sense of self-worth and enabled them to connect and cooperate with others, and to contribute to their welfare.

11. The goal redirection stage

· the therapists’ behavior is crucial at this point because their clients will observe whether they practive what they preach

· Adler believed that people should not aim to become “normal” or “average” but should strive to become the ideal human - therapist assis the client with this goal.

12. The support and launching stage

· clients begin to tackle difficulties that have previously been avoided

· These are the following descriptions of this stage:

· enjoy overcoming difficulties

· prefer the uhfamiliar

· like the unexpected in life

· feel equal to others

· be eager to develop fully

· have a generosity of spirit

· want to share their successes

· be able to give encouragement to others

· function better and feel stronger

· need a self- selected challenge to encourage the development of their self (“calling” or “mission”)

· the therapists’s role is to encourage their client’s search for just such a challenge and to help evaluate those which are considered

THE FOUR THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES OF ADLERIAN THERAPY

Assessment

1. a thorough analysis of lifestyle which used projectively the early memories that contain the clients’ coe beliefs and feelings about themselves and the world.

2. The following are also assessed:

· client’s symptoms: its descriptions, causes and reasons if not present

· client’s function in a relationship

· client’s childhood family: dynamics, constellation, extended family patterns

· health problems: alcoholism, drugs and medication

· previous therapy and the client’s attitude towards their present therapy

3. use Adlerian client questionnaire

· to collect information

· it also serves to involve the client in the therapy process

· it saves time and gives the therapist an enhanced picture, both a written and verbal testimony

Socratic Questioning

1. Analogy: Socrates as “midwife” at the birth of new ideas; Adlerian therapists play midwife to the birth of a new approach to life by their clients.

2. Thus the therapist’s role is that of a cothinker, not a superior expert.

3. It has the following characteristics:

· it allows the clients to grow in insight through a series of questions

· its style is gentle, respectful and diplomatic

· it is a partnership of equals

· it involves gathering of information, clarifying meaning and exploring feelings

· leading questions expose deeper feelings, private logic and unconscious goals

· the personal and social consequences are uncovered.

· it places responsibility for decisions and conclusions on the client

Guided and Eidetic Imagery

1. Eidetic Images are vivid but unreal, especially those remembered from childhood.

2. Guided eidetic imagery helps clients to break through their emotional blocks. It is used to bring to the surface vivid symbolic images of people and situations that evoke powerful emotions.

Role Playing

1. Role Play addresses the cleints’ missed essential experiences which is doen in the middle stages of therapy in a group setting in order to also provides the opportunity to rehearse new behaviors under the supervision of the therapist.

2. The therapist here offers guidance and feedback.

THE SIX PRINCIPLES OF ADLERIAN PSYCHOLOGY

1. unity of the individual

· human beings are not internally divided. Thus their feelings, thoughts coincide with their lifestyle.

2. goal orientation

· HB are goal driven, i.e. teleological (significance, superiority and success)

· its origin is the forward movement of growth and life itself

· “the height of the goal being determined by the intensity of the inferiority feeling”

3. uniquenes and self-determination

· the goal is born out of creativity (power & thoughts) and influenced by hereditary & cultural factors

4. social context

· HB are part of a number of social systems: family, communities, nation, culture & creation in general from which they obtain their life tasks: community work and love.

· The family is the first social system which is the prototype of their world-view.

5. sense of community

· ability to learn to live harmoniously with the society and to develop a sense of interconnectedness and interdependence with the rest of creation

· people’s personal sense of security depends on a sense of belonging and of being part of the flow of social evolution

6. mental health

· this depends on social usefulness and contribution

· Characteristics of Mental-ill Health

· feeling of a deep inferiority

· highly uncooperative goals of personal superiority

· underdeveloped sense of community

· The Aims of a Therapy

· promote a sense of equality

· bring an end to egocentric self-protection, self-indulgence and self-enhancement

· instill a sense of community

· foster a desire to contribute to the society

Conclusion

1. Adler’s personality theory enables a complete understanding of all human behavior.

2. This approach gives counsellors a great deal of insight, but using such insight and understanding of people is very demanding.

3. Using the Adlerian method into one-in-one situations is more limited in value than observing them in groups.

4. It is not appropriate to force the clients to change by whatever method.

5. This process is more of a long-term than a short term as the Adlerians think.

PART ONE: PSYCHODYNAMIC COUNSELLING

Sigmund Freud

The Importance of Freud’s Work to counsellors

1. provided a deep well of personlaity concepts

2. has a special historical importance because of the influence it had on so many other theorists

3. psychoanalytical concepts such as transference and resistance, free association and interpretation are important to all counsellors.

4. some counsellors employ analytic of orientations that range from pure Freudian modifications of a few of his ideas.

Human Instincts

1. It is historically acquired and conservative.

2. These are inherent urge to restore earlier states of things.

3. These are somatic or biological demands on the mind.

The Pleasure Principle

1. it is originally called by Freud as the unpleasure principle

2. Principle: “Everything that increases excitation will be experienced as unpleasurable, while everything that reduces it will be pleasurable.”

3. Division of Human Instincts into Two Categories: Eros and Thanatos

EROS

· is a group of erotic or life instintcs that seek to combine more and more living substance into even greater unities.

· Instincts of self -preservation, preservation of the species, ego-love, and object-love

· the energy source is the libido.

THANATOS

· is a group of death instincts that oppose the efforts of eros and lead what is living back to an inorganic state.

· It is a compulsion tor epeat the earlier (inorganic) state.

· Death is the aim of all life.

· The main representative of the death instinct and derived from it is the aggresive instinct.

Ergo, the evolution of human civilization represents the struggle between these life and death instincts in humankind.

The unconscious and conscious

The mental life of a human being takes place on three levels:

(dreams: the interpretation which is the “royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind”.)

1. The Unconscious Proper (Ucs)

· contains the repressed material that is not admissable to consciousness.

2. The Preconscious (Pcs)

· is latent and capable of becoming conscious.

· It is made up of everything that can move easily from the unconscious state to the conscious state.

· It is the screen between the unconscious and the conscious.

3. The Conscious (Cs or Pept Cs)

· the conscious acts as a sense organ for the perception of physical qualities.

· A state of consciousness is normally very temporary and unlike the unconscious has no memory.

How the human mental apparatus is structured

The human mind has three parts:

1. id (German: das Es, “the it”)

· is involved in a never ending struggle for the satisfaction of basic instincts.

· It contains psychical processes known as primary processes because they are there from the start.

· It is the oldest of the mental processes and is present from birth.

· Here the instincts find their mental expression]

· it has no concept of good and evil, morality and values

· it is a person’s subjective reality at the unconscious level.

2. ego (German: das Ich, “the I”)

· it applies reality to the demands of the id.

· It has three task masters which can be the cause of anxiety: (a) external world, (b) id, and (c) superego. Thus there are also three types of anxiety: (a) realistic anxiety (which arises from the dangers posed by the external world), (b) moral anxiety (which results from conflict with the superego); and neurotic anxiety (which results from the conflict with the id).

· Begins to develop during the first year of life.

· It is the go-between for the id and the external world.

· It represents reason and common sense and it stops the id to destroy itself with instinctual passions.

· It is derived from bodily functions especially those which come from its surface.

· It serves to substitute the reality principle for the pleasure principle in the id

· it controls the instinctual demands by deciding the timing and means of gratification, or by suppressing them if they are unacceptable.

· Deals with external events by means of: (a) perception, (b) memory, (c) avoiding excessive stimuli, (d) moderating stimuli and (e) engaging in activity designed to modify the external world to its advantage

3. superego (German: das Uber-Ich, “the above-I”)

· represents parental and moral influence.

· is the residue formed within the ego that prolongs parental influences, including racial, cultural and family influences.

· Its purpose is to contain the demands of the id by exerting a moral influence on the ego.

· It varies from person to person to person, ranging from mild and gentle to harshly inhibiting.

· It is synonymous with the ego-ideal which includes precepts and prohibitions.

Cathexes and Anticathexes: ego and superego have these two.

1. Cathexes

· are the charges of instinctual energy that need discharging.

· The id only contain primary-process instinctual cathexes.

· Libidinal cathexes have two characteristics: (a) mobilty (the ability to pass w/ ease from 1 object to another) and (b) fixation (being bound to one object or another)

2. Anticathexes

· are charges of energy that inhibit or block the energy of the cathexes.

Sexuality

1. Sexual life involves the pursuit of pleasure from the erotogenic zones of the body. This does not have to be connected with reproduction.

2. Sexual life includes the affectionate impulses that are commonly called “love”.

3. Sexual impulse is the sexual aspect of libido.

4. The sexual object is the person towards whom the sexual attraction is felt.

5. The sexual action is the action towards which the sexual impulse strives.

6. HB are sexual from their infancy, although this is forgotten or suppressed.

7. By nature HB are bisexual, and there is a tendency of perversion in infantile sexuality.

8. Two Main Phases of Sexual Development:

Pregenital Phase

Þ which lasts until the end of fifth year

Þ consists of 3 stages of sexual organisation:

· The Oral Stage (0-2 yrs.)

- the erotogenic zone is the mouth. Thus sucking is the pursuit of sexual pleasure independent of that nourishment.

- Two Substages: (a) sucking for sustenance and (b) oral-sadistic stage: the arrival of teeth leads to biting.

· The Anal Stage (2-3 yrs.)

- the anus becomes the erotogenic zone and the child deroves pleasure fro retaining and releasing faeces.

- this stage is known as the sadistic-anal stage as there is an impulse for mastery (sadism) as the body masculature strengthens - greater control in the release of faeces.

- Character Traits of this stage: (a) orderliness, (b) obstinacy and (c) parsimony.

· The Phallic Stage

- this is the stage where the male sexual organ and the female clitoris become important.

- pleasure is gained from masturbation and early childhood sexuality reaches its zenith.

- the oedipal stage is part of this stage (the boy develops a libidinal object cathexis to his mother)

- the oedipal stage is a mixture of affection and ambivalence, a love-hate relationship.

- in Freud’s view the bisexual oedipus complex is most pronounced in neurotics.

- girls discover the inferiority of his clitoris and the fact that she does not have a penis: penis envy.

Latency Period/Stage

Þ it may be total or partial

Þ it is the time when sexual inhibitions develop and sexual energy is diverted into other pursuits by means of sublimation.

Genital Phase

Þ starts at puberty and involves the awakening of genital awareness and sexual experimentation with partners. Incestuous object choices are overcome.

Þ it involves a greater increase of libido in boys, while in girls there is an increase of repression.

Þ there is a break from parental authority and the development of more adult relationships.

Infantile Sexuality

1. Sexual life starts soon after birth, but it lacks a central coordinating focus because of the:

· lack of ego and superego development

· the genitalia are still immature

2. the infant finds pleasure in the obejct of its own body, so it can be said that infantile sexuality is autoerotic.

3. There is a great perversion at this age, with normal sexual behavior developing as organic changes take place, and as a result of psychic repression and development of inhibitions.

4. People are largely unaware of the dawning of their sexual life - “sexual amnesia”.

Bisexuality

1. Libido cannot be assigned to sex. Sexual impulse is independent of its object; thus it is not originated by chemical attraction.

2. Everyone has a degree of congenital homosexuality as women and men develop out of a child that is bisexual.

3. The final determination of sexuality is the result of:

· constitutional disposition

· life experiences

· restrictions in one direction or another

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGO

Identification

1. a normal part of development which, in accordance with its nature, can either restrict or enhance the ego.

2. The original form of an emotional tie with an object.

3. The ego takes on the characteristics of the object (Ex. Daughter imitating her father)

4. a feeling generated by a person perceiving a quality in common with another person who is not libidinally cathectic.

Defense Mechanism

1. develop to address the conflicting demands of the id and superego.

2. It enable individuals to cope with sources of anxiety.

3. Its development is part of the child’s anxiety because of loss of love or loss of an object.

4. It can caused problems:

· they prevent the normal functioning of the ego

· they divert psychical energy during anticathexis when it could be used elsewhere.

· they work unconsciously, so hamper realistic behavior, becoming a form of baggage carried into adult life.

5. These are the following defense mechanisms:

· Repression

Þ the involuntary exclusion of painful, conflicting thoughts, memories or impulses.

Þ it works in two ways: (a) material in the preconscious is forced into the unconscious and (b) unconscious material may undergo censorship to prevent it getting into the preconscious.

Þ is the basis of all other defences - the central defensive mechanism of the ego.

· Sublimation

Þ instinctual sexual activity is repressed and rechannelled into socially acceptable pursuits (art & sport)

· Reaction Formation

Þ is the process of turning an atiitude to its opposite.

· Denial

Þ non-acceptance of the otuside world because it is painful.

· Fixation

Þ caused by anxiety about advancing to the next stage of sexual development, so the libido lags behind.

· Regression

Þ the return to an earlier stage of development at which the person waa fixated.

Þ Two Types of Regression: (a) a return to an incestuous object first cathected by the libido and (b) the sexual organisation as a whole returns to an earlier phase.

· Projection

Þ an instinctual impulse is externalized because it is unacceptable.

· Introjection

Þ the process of unconsciously emulating someone else.

· Reversal

Þ a person detaches an attitude from its original object and directs it at someone else.

· Displacement

Þ an attitude is detached from its original object and directed towards someone else.

· Isolation

Þ the emotion that accompanies an idea is detached from that idea in order to take away the real significance of the diea.

· Negation

Þ this is easy to confuse with denial and isclosely related to reaction formation.

Þ it involves negating a disturbing attitude.

· Rationalization

Þ false reasons are put forward to justify unacceptable attitudes.

· Conversion

Þ a psychological disorder is transformed to a physical one.

6. Defense mechanisms serve to maintain psychological disturbances because their purpose is to keep such disturbances outside the realsm of consciousness.

7. There are specific defences that are linked to specific psychological disorders:

· obsessional neurosis is linked to negation, reaction formation and isolation

· paranoia is linked to projection

· depression is linked to reversal and introjection

Neurosis

1. A neurotic is someone who is incapable of enjoyment and efficiency.

2. There are three contributory factors, as follows:

· The biological factor

Þ HB are born unfinished and thus helpless and dependent. There is a need to be loved.

· The phylogenetic factor

Þ this comes from an interruption of human sexual development during the latency period.

Þ a result of the repression of sexual awakening at puberty

· The psychological factor (3 Psychological Elements that cause neurotic conflict)

Þ the ego may repress the sexual instincts

Þ there is a danger that the represented impulses may not disappear, but will beocme neurotic symptoms instead.

Þ repression is quite effective until a child reaches the end of latency, but at puberty its sexual instincts reassert themselves with greater intensity.

Why and how neuroses are maintained?

1. Neuroses are the result of the way in which the society tries to regulate sexual activity, as morality or the group superego demands a greater than necessary sacrifice of sexual impulses.

2. Neurotic people are enable to heal their egos and therefore their unhappiness is maintained.

3. Repression weakens the ego of neurotic people and the functioning of their personality is hindered by psychical energy being diverted into harmful, defensive cathexes.

4. Continued repression maintains the formation of neurotic symptoms via rechanelling of frustrated sexual impulses. This brings us to the process of psychoanalysis.

PSYCHOANALYSIS

1. it has 3 major goals:

· to free impulses

· to stengthen reality based ego functioning

· to move superego away from punitive moral standards and towards more human standards

2. If the ego is stronger, it can be reeducated through the psychoanalytic process.

3. Psychoanalysis claims to form an alliance between the analyst and the client’s ego.

4. Psychoanalysis was regarded by Freud as suitable treatment for such illnesses as hysteria, obsessional neurosis and anxiety states.

Free Association

1. share all thoughts, memories, asociations, feelings and ideas, and the analysts should encourage them to put self-criticism aside.

2. The aim of this is to lift repression by making unconscious material conscious.

Transference

1. it is the transformation of original neurosis into a transference neurosis related to the analyst.

2. Transference love is affection mixed with hostility, jealousy and exclusiveness - it is an ambivalent love.

3. It has 3 advantages:

· it gives analysts a positive start because their clients want to please them

· analysts gain access to the power that client’s superegos have over their egos when they put their analysts in the place of of their father or mother. (after education of the neurotic)

· vital parts of the client’s life history are reproduced

4. Transference can become negative and hsotile when analysts frustrate the erotic demands of their clients by refusing to satisfy them.

Client Resistance

1. Resistance was defined by Freud as all the forces that oppose the work of recovery.

2. They resist reproducing repressed material because everything that occurs to them has some reference to it.

3. Anticathexis protects the ego from the id, so the more dangerous the repressed material, the harder it is to overcome anticathexis.

4. 5 Types of Resistance

· Repression Resistance

· Transference Resistance

· Resistance to foregoing the gain from illness

· Resistance by the id to a change in direction of its fulfillemnt and the need to work through a new type of satisfaction.

· Resistance caused by the superego imposing an unconscious sense of guilt or need for punishment.

5. 3 Forces that Help the Analyst Overcome Resistance:

· the client’s need for recovery

· any intellectual interest clients might have in the analytic process

· client’s positive transference with the therapist

Interpretation

1. are constructions or explanations of repressed unconscious material that is brought into the conscious, and of things that are currently happening to clients but are not understood by them.

2. Be sure that the clients are near to the moment of insight before interpreting.

3. Analysts use repeated interpretations in the latter stages of therapy.

4. Analysts use interpretations for the following purposes:

· to understand the impulses of the id

· to assist the client to understand the defence mechanisms and resistances employed by their egos

· to understand repressed impulses and the obejcts to which they have become attached

· to help clients replace repression by judgments that are appropriate to the here and now rather than thier childhood

· to help the client’s ego to overcome resistance

· to help the ego take control of repressed libidinal energy

· to expose unconscious impulses to criticism by tracing their origins

5. Dreams are wish fulfillments and a compromise between the impulses of the id and’s and ego’s defense mechanism.

6. During sleep repression is reduced, which allows unconscious material to become conscious in te shape of dreams.

The Process of Psychoanalysis

The Process of Psychoanalysis involves the following:

1. getting client’s weakened egos...and to transfer the authority of their superego to the therapist

2. stimulate the client to fight the id’s demands and to defeat any resistance that results from them

3. restore order to client’ egos by detecting material and impulses that hve intruded from unconscious

Freudian Therapy requires five key elements:

1. Stability: emphasis on the frequency and duration of sessions

2. Anonymity: the therapist is a “mirror” and brings no personal information to a session

3. Passivity: active listening; speak only to interpret; no attachment nor relationship: objetcivity

4. Free Floating Attention: simply listen and not analyze what the client is saying

5. Neutrality: respect the client’s autonomy and avoid personal involvement

· Aim of the Process: to create an atmosphere of safety in which clients feel free to be themselves without the risk of interference or censure.

· Attempt to chnage the client’s level of self-awareness

3 Phases of Freudian Therapy:

1. opening phase: a verbal contract is established, client’s resistance are identified and analysis begins.

2. middle phase: there is a deepening of transference and intensive analysis of resistance

3. termination phase: the gains of the middle phase may be temporarily lost and there is an exploration of important death and separation related issues.

Number of Causes of Failure to Progress:

1. defences can become more rigid and self-deception can increase

2. there is a price to pay for the resolution of symptoms in that buried anguish is brought to the surface and re-experienced

3. therapist’ erros can be a frequent cause of lack of progress. Thus strict analytic self-discipline combine with an ongoing supervision is needed.

Conclusion

1. he formed a potential science

2. psychoanalysis remianed isolated from the scientific and philosophical communities for a long time and so retained an unvalidated methodology that was vague and intuitive rather than being an applied science

3. Freudian theraphy is lengthy and uncertain and has a limited range of applications which means that it is not really cost-effective.

4. He wanted psychoanalysis to replace religion be cause he saw all religions as a form of neurosis and no more than medieval mumbo jumbo.

5. Why his theory is appealing?

· It lays in his combining mythical themes and pseudoscientific metaphors to produce a theory of human development that filled the vacuum created by the decay of Christianity in the face of the Darwinian revolution and otehr scientific advances of the 19th century.

· Freud displayed simplistic philosophical attitudes towards personal identity that ignored the progress made in this field since Locke.